Towards an operational system for oil-spill forecast over Spanish waters: initial developments and implementation test

The ESEOO Project, launched after the Prestige crisis, has boosted operational oceanography capacities in Spain, creating new operational oceanographic services and increasing synergies between these new operational tools and already existing systems. In consequence, the present preparedness to face an oil-spill crisis is enhanced, significantly improving the operational response regarding ocean, meteorological and oil-spill monitoring and forecasting. A key aspect of this progress has been the agreement between the scientific community and the Spanish Search and Rescue Institution (SASEMAR), significantly favoured within the ESEOO framework. Important achievements of this collaboration are: (1) the design of protocols that at the crisis time provide operational state-of-the-art information, derived from both forecasting and observing systems; (2) the establishment, in case of oil-spill crisis, of a new specialized unit, named USyP, to monitor and forecast the marine oceanographic situation, providing the required met-ocean and oil-spill information for the crisis managers. The oil-spill crisis scenario simulated during the international search and rescue Exercise "Gijón-2006", organized by SASEMAR, represented an excellent opportunity to test the capabilities and the effectiveness of this USyP unit, as well as the protocols established to analyze and transfer information. The results presented in this work illustrate the effectiveness of the operational approach, and constitute an encouraging and improved base to face oil-spill crisis.     

随机连续模型分析裂隙岩体耦合行为

利用能够反映岩体水力性质空间变异特性的随机连续模型对隧洞开挖过程中的裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合过程进行了数值分析。随机渗透系数场通过顺序指示模拟方法生成。顺序指示法是一种非参数地质统计学技术,他允许输入任何形式的渗透系数概率分布而不需要对分布做任何假设。由随机模拟生成的渗透系数场被投影到有限元计算网格中进行耦合分析。力学响应使用基于连续介质的节理本构模型来反映岩体中软弱面的影响。结果表明,随机连续模型能够较好地预测裂隙岩体的稳定入渗率,水力性质的空间变异性对裂隙介质的耦合过程起着重要作用。在不排水条件下,隧洞每次开挖开始时,由于岩石应力重分布,孔隙水受到扰动,短时间内不能流动平衡,因此孔压会迅速上升,这对于围岩稳定是不利的。     

渤海和黄海北部潮间带底质中的介形虫

间带不同性质的底质中 ,介形虫动物群的特征和生态分布各不相同。在岩石滩和沙滩中介形虫较丰富、多样 ,前者具有 Xestoleberishanaii,Cythere lutea lutea,Loxoconcha hattorii,Aurila cymba等 ,而后者有 Sinocytheridea impressa,Pistocythereis bradyformis,Bicornucytherebisanensis,Cushmanidea subjaponica等。泥质滩中介形虫通常很少 ,有 Loxoconcha binhaiensis和L.ocellata等。受高潮和中潮影响的河口区 ,通常介形虫丰度和多样性的分布较低 ,都是适应环境变化很强的属种 ,并具有海、陆相介形虫分布的混合区段。朝向海洋方向 ,非海相介形虫的百分含量呈逐渐降低变化 ,而海相介形虫正好相反。     

考虑震害因子耦合作用的砌体建筑群破坏概率模型研究

砌体建筑群在地震中往往破坏严重损失巨大,合理评估地震作用对不同种类砌体结构造成破坏的风险变得至关重要。传统基于后验概率的地震危险性分析方法忽略了砌体建筑个体差异性的影响,未深入考虑多种震害因子的耦合作用。本文以华南地区砌体建筑群为例,开发了一种集成概率方法来对城市砌体结构的破坏风险进行建模,考虑建筑年代、层数、使用用途和墙厚四类震害因子的耦合影响,采用(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)K-S检验,在设定地震动参数下选取Gaussian分布、Log-Normal分布、Gumbel分布和Beta分布四种概率分布对该地区砌体建筑物的破坏状态概率分布参数进行拟合。通过均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error)RMSE进行拟合优度评价,最终建立基于Gaussian分布和Log-Normal分布的砌体建筑物破坏联合概率模型。最后,以华南地区三个城市典型砌体建筑物为例进行实例对比验证,将基于本文建立的建筑破坏概率模型推算出的砌体建筑群震害矩阵与基于单体结构分析得到的震害矩阵进行对比,与理论值最大偏差为0.033 3。研究表明：本文构建的集成概率方法能够获得更加合理的城市砌体建筑...     

甘甜清泉海中来——能喝的海水

<正>“闲来松间坐,看煮松上雪。”“雪水煎茶”的故事大家一定听说过不少。《红楼梦》中就多次写到“雪水煎茶”的情节。比如第41回：妙玉执壶,只向海内斟了约一杯。宝玉细细吃了,果觉轻浮无比……黛玉因问：“这也是旧年蠲的雨水？”妙玉冷笑道：“你这么个人,竟是大俗人,连水也尝不出来。这是五年前我在玄墓蟠香寺住着,收的梅花上的雪,共得了那一鬼脸青的花瓮一瓮,总舍不得吃,埋在地下,今年夏天才开了。我只吃过一回,这是第二回了。你怎么尝不出来？……”     

红壤侵蚀区芒萁覆盖对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

土壤团聚体在维持土壤结构和保持水土等方面具有重要的作用。以未治理地(Y0)、恢复13年(Y13)和恢复31年(Y31)的马尾松林为研究对象,分析保留芒萁覆盖地(NRd)、去除芒萁覆盖地(Rd)与林下裸地(CK)之间表层土壤团聚体稳定性差异及其与根系生物量、土壤有机质等的关系。结果表明:芒萁覆盖显著提高了表层土壤有机质含量(74.8%、25.9%、54.0%)和根系生物量(92.3%、84.4%、89.2%)。在恢复13年和31年的马尾松林中,NRd处理的土壤大团聚体(0.25 mm)比例分别比CK处理的高18.0%和16.8%(P0.05),平均重量直径和几何平均直径亦显著高于CK。去除芒萁1年后,未治理地(Y0)土壤的有机质含量和粉粒与黏粒(0.053 mm)比例分别下降了46.3%和61.1%(P0.05);而在恢复的马尾松林中由于去除芒萁导致根系的大量死亡,Rd处理的有机质含量提高了9.2%和18.7%(P0.05),大团聚体比例、平均重量直径和几何平均直径则无显著差异。Pearson相关分析发现,根系和土壤有机质含量与平均重量直径和几何平均直径呈显著或极显著正相关关系,而与分形维数呈负相关关系。因此,在侵蚀地植被恢复过程中,林下植被芒萁覆盖增加了地下根系生物量,促进了土壤有机质的积累,从而显著提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性,对维持土壤结构和减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义。     

贵州长顺代化组古网迹的发现

<正> 贵州长顺代化代化组剖面是我国南方上泥盆统法门阶的一个标准剖面,晚泥盆世晚期海神石动物群首次在此剖面发现。孙云铸、沈耀庭(1965)和阮亦萍(1981)对该剖面的菊石群曾作过详细研究。1989年11月,我们在长顺     

A morphological view on potential niches for exobiology on Mars

The discovery of microbiota in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica has encouraged the construction of new models of Martian ecosystems in order to determine if life could have once existed on Mars. The Antarctic cyanobacteria reside just below the surface of sandstone rocks where they are protected from the extreme cold and dry environment. Analogy with the Antarctic Dry Valleys supports speculation that hypothetical micro-organisms existed on Mars in the early history of the planet and could have migrated into suitable rocks as the availability of liquid water decreased. Although evidence for sandstone layers on Mars has not been substantiated, the palaeohydrology of Martian fluvial valleys (MFVs) reveals the evidence of lake bed sediment depositions which have formed consolidated sediments. As the MFVs formation may result from underground drainage processes, the sediment material would be expected to contain debris such as pumice washload, and pumilith of volcanic and meteoritic origin. These materials may have formed consolidated porous terrains similar to the Antarctic sandstone. Therefore, the endolithic model is consistent with the Martian liquid water habitat model of perenially ice-covered lakes.     

TLS地形测绘技术的现状与展望

近年来,TLS(地面三维激光扫描)技术越来越多地应用于地形测绘。本文简要介绍了TLS技术在国内外的发展,主要从五个方面总结我国利用TLS技术进行大比例尺地形测绘的应用研究现状,并探讨当前TLS地形测绘技术亟待解决的问题。